Cardiac fibrosis and miR-433

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (1). It affects approximately 5.4 million people in the United States with an incidence of 690,000 cases/year (2). Cardiac fibrosis (CF) has traditionally been regarded as a secondary phenomenon in the pathogenesis of HF. However, recent clinical studies suggest that CF is a major determinant of clinical outcomes in HF (3,4)