Nexus between extracellular vesicles, immunomodulation and tissue remodeling: for good or for bad?

Over the past three decades or so, the field of immunology has advanced hugely with profound understandings on molecular regulation of immune cells and their contribution to various biological processes. The elaborative tools, in vitro assays, and refined animal models have favorably anticipated the immunomodulatory (immune suppression or activation) mechanisms elicited during the course of disease progression. The projected roles of immune cells are widely attributed to inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, defense against infections, repairing injuries and progression to cancer among others.