Exosome-like vesicles of helminths: implication of pathogenesis and vaccine development

Helminthes are multicellular parasitic pathogens including nematodes (roundworms), cestoda (tapeworms) and trematoda (flukes) (1). These parasites cause hosts’ weakness and diseases by living in and feeding on living hosts, by receiving nourishment (1). Deep understanding of mechanism between parasites and hosts may help to develop a novel and effective intervention against parasitic diseases.