New insight into type 1 diabetes development: resolving early diabetogenic CD4⁺ T cell responses that precede seroconversion

Although it can arise at any age, type 1 diabetes (T1D) represents one of the most prevalent and severe chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence that results from the autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans causing insulin de ciency and hyperglycemia (1). There is currently no cure or prevention for T1D, leading to lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin therapy, which is essential in managing metabolic symptoms, but does not interfere with the underlying autoimmune process and is frequently associated with serious secondary complications such as retinal, renal, and neurological disease (2).