The uremic solute-AHR-tissue factor axis in vascular cells, mouse models and thrombosis in chronic kidney disease patients

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (1). Patients with the lowest glomerular filtration rates have the higher risk (2). Nonclassical risk factors, such as inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, appear to drive cardiovascular disease in these patients (3,4).