Basal insulin reductions in anticipation of multiple exercise sessions in people with type 1 diabetes—a clinical perspective

The islets of Langerhans are regions of the human pancreas that contain endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, constituting 1% to 2% of pancreas volume. There are four main types of endocrine cells within the islets of Langerhans: alpha (α) cells, beta (β) cells, delta (δ) cells and to a lesser degree the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. Of these populations, the β-cells account for between 65–80% of the pancreatic islets, and whilst predominately responsible for the secretion of the hormone insulin, they also co-secrete C-peptide and amylin. Collectively, the cells in the islets of Langerhans are pivotal in glycaemic regulation and homeostasis.