Evaluation of the association between the −1304T>G polymorphism in the promoter of the MKK4 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis
Original Article

Evaluation of the association between the −1304T>G polymorphism in the promoter of the MKK4 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis

Rui Bai1#, Cheng Yuan1#, Fuxiang Zhou1, Lihua Ni2,3, Yan Gong4, Conghua Xie1,5,6

1Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;2Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China;3Department of Nephrology, 4Department of Biological Repositories, 5Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, 6Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: C Xie; (II) Administrative support: C Xie; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: C Xie; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: R Bai, C Yuan; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: R Bai, C Yuan, Y Gong; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Dr. Conghua Xie. Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China. Email: chxie_65@whu.edu.cn; Dr. Yan Gong. Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China. Email: yan.gong@whu.edu.cn.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in China. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) regulates tumorigenesis as a component of the MKK4 pathway. A number of studies have suggested a correlation between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of CRC. However, the results are still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to obtain a more accurate assessment of the association between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of CRC.

Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI. Four trials, including 1,255 cancer cases and 1,181 controls, were recruited in our study to assess the relationship of the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism with the risk of CRC.

Results: Four studies met our inclusion criteria and were finally included in the analysis, involving 1,255 cancer patients and 1,181 controls. Our meta-analysis revealed that the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism could reduce the risk of CRC (G vs. T: OR, 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.76, P<0.0001; GG vs. TT: OR, 0.43, 95% CI: 0.29–0.62, P<0.0001; GG vs. TT + TG: OR, 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34–0.72, P=0.0003; TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53–0.73, P<0.0001; and TG vs. TT + GG: OR, 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59–0.82, P<0.0001).

Conclusions: In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed that the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility to CRC. In the future, large and well-designed case-control studies are needed to validate our findings.

Keywords: Colorectal cancer (CRC); meta-analysis; polymorphisms; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)

Submitted Nov 16, 2018. Accepted for publication Feb 25, 2019.

doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.08

Introduction

The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased rapidly worldwide (1,2). In China, CRC is the fifth most common cause of tumor death (3). The occurrence of CRC is continuously rising despite the development of comprehensive treatment involving radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery (4). Epidemiological studies on CRC revealed multiple influencing factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and sex (5). In addition to an unhealthy lifestyle and environmental risk factors, genetic factors also influence the development of CRC. These genetic factors are usually involved in the cellular signal transduction of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which contributes to apoptosis, inflammation and tumorigenesis (6). Previous studies indicated that genetic risk factors accounted for approximately 35% of the causes of CRC cases (7). Recently, several studies focused on the exploration of the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating CRC carcinogenesis, as well as the crucial roles of genetic factors during the occurrence and development of CRC (8,9). Increasing evidence has indicated that CRC is a disease involving both epidemiological and genetic factors despite the limited understanding of its pathogenesis. Further studies are required to demonstrate the potential relationship between the genetic susceptibility of CRC and key gene mutations.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are characterized by high density and genetic stability in the genome and are the main source of genetic differences between individuals (10). It is also fundamental for the pathogenesis of many genetic diseases, such as tumors. Moreover, multiple studies confirmed that SNPs as well as age and alcohol consumption were risk factors for the cause of CRC (11-14).

MKK4 is an important component of the MAPK signaling pathway and the central link of the oncogene Ras signaling pathway (15). The polymorphism of the MKK4 gene was reported to affect the efficiency of MKK4 transcription initiation and is associated with the development, progression and prognosis of colon cancer (16-22). Recently, several mutations were detected in exons 4 and 9 of the MKK4 gene in tumor tissues (23,24). However, there were no statistically significant associations between their data and previous results (25). Our present study indicated that mutations in the coding region of MKK4 were not common events in CRC. Based on this result, we hypothesize that CRC with a high incidence in China is associated with the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism. We further summarize relevant data from case-control studies. Based on the GenBank dbSNP database, we found 4 common SNPs (rs3809728, rs2190853, rs9892151 and rs3826392), which are located in the promoter region of the MKK4 gene. While other SNPs were in the linkage disequilibrium, rs3826392 was selected as the experimental subject. We conducted a meta-analysis of 4 published case-control studies and quantified the synthetic evidence with strict methods to accurately assess the relationship between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of CRC.

Methods

Publication search

We conducted systematic literature searches in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI, covering all published studies. We searched the databases by the following phrases: “mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4”, “MKK4”, “-1304T>G”, “-1304G>T”, “polymorphism”, “colorectal cancer”, “Colorectal Neoplasms”, “Colon cancer” and “rectal cancer”. For example, in the PubMed database, our search strategy was as follows:

#1: (((mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4[Title/Abstract]) OR MKK4[Title/Abstract]) OR -1304T>G[Title/Abstract]) OR -1304G>T[Title/Abstract],

#2: ((polymorphism) OR single nucleotide polymorphism) OR SNP[Title/Abstract]),

#3: (((colorectal cancer[Title/Abstract]) OR colorectal neoplasms[Title/Abstract]) OR colon cancer[Title/Abstract]) OR rectal cancer[Title/Abstract],

#4: #1 AND #2 AND #3.

We screened all the research publications and selected all eligible studies. We also examined other related articles in their bibliographies. Only studies published with complete text were included in this study. We only used publications that covered the wider range of information when overlapping articles were found. There were no language restrictions in relevant reports identified.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

All articles included were required to meet the following criteria: (I) case-control studies of CRC with the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism; (II) the study supplied available genotype frequencies in cancer patients and controls; (III) the study provided sufficient published data to estimate an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI); and (IV) CRC type cancer. The exclusion criteria included the following: (I) the study lacked detailed genotype frequencies; and (II) the article did not conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE).

Data extraction

Articles were checked by 2 investigators independently (Rui Bai and Cheng Yuan) to exclude irrelevant and overlapping studies. All authors were involved to discuss the differences. Information was selected in accordance with a protocol: first author’s surname, publication year, ethnicity, source of controls, and the number of patients and controls for each genotype. Factors, such as smoking history, drinking history and sex, were also included. HWE was calculated by the χ2 test based on the distribution of the 2 polymorphic genotypes in the control. P<0.01 was considered a significant imbalance.

Evaluation of study quality

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to conduct the methodological quality evaluation of the studies for the cohort study. Two reviewers processed the assessments independently, and all authors approved the final decision by consensus.

Statistical analysis

We calculated the OR with 95% CIs to assess the strength of the association between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of CRC susceptibility, which were based on the genotype frequencies in cases and controls. The pooled ORs were used for 5 models as follows: allelic model (T vs. G), homozygous model (TT vs. GG), heterozygous model (TG vs. GG), dominant genetic model (TG + TT vs. GG), and recessive model (TT vs. TG + GG). We also used the χ2-based Q statistic test to analyze the heterogeneity between studies. If heterogeneity was considered insignificant (P>0.1), the fixed effects model was used; otherwise, the random effects model based on the Mantel-Haenszel method was applied. All analyses were performed by Review Manager (version 5.3, The Cochrane collaboration).

Results

Characteristics of studies

The 1,255 cancer patients and 1,181 control from the included 4 case-control studies met the inclusion criteria (5,26-28). The flow chart shows the paper selection procedure (Figure 1). The main information from the included articles, such as the cases of three genotypes (TT, TG, and GG), ages, sexes, drinking status, smoking status, etc. The baseline characteristics of patients and controls from the included studies are summarized in Table 1.

Figure 1 A flow chart shows the paper selection procedure.
Table 1
Table 1 Characteristics of published studies included in this meta-analysis
Full table

Main results

The correlation between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of CRC is shown in Figure 2. The results revealed that the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism could reduce the risk of CRC (G vs. T: OR, 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.76, P<0.0001, Figure 2A; GG vs. TT: OR, 0.43, 95% CI: 0.29–0.62, P<0.0001, Figure 2B; GG vs. TT + TG: OR, 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34–0.72, P=0.0003, Figure 2C; TG + GG vs. TT: OR, 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53–0.73, P<0.00001, Figure 2D; and TG vs. TT + GG: OR, 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59–0.82, P<0.0001, Figure 2E).

Figure 2 Forest plots on the association between the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer (T vs. G). (A) G vs. T forest plot; (B) GG vs. TT forest plot; (C) GG vs. TT+TG forest plot; (D) TG + GG vs. TT forest plot; (E) TG vs. TT+GG forest plot.

Evaluation of heterogeneity

Except for the allele model (I2=55%, Ph=0.08), there were no significant heterogeneities in any other gene models (GG vs. TT: I2=36%, Ph=0.20, Figure 2B; GG vs. TT + TG: I2=23%, Ph=0.27, Figure 2C; TG + GG vs. TT: I2=32%, Ph=0.22, Figure 2D; and TG vs. TT + GG: I2=0%, Ph=0.68, Figure 2E).

Sensitivity analysis

By using one-way sensitivity analysis, each of the included studies was deleted one-by-one to determine the extent to which individual studies affected the overall OR estimate. The study by Wei et al. (5) was the main source of heterogeneity. When the study was excluded, the heterogeneity significantly decreased (T vs. G: I2=0%, Ph=0.90).

Publication bias

Figure 3 presents the funnel plots for the meta-analysis. Funnel plots did not show any evidence of clear asymmetry.

Figure 3 Funnel plot with pseudo 95% CI from publications. (A) G vs. T funnel plot; (B) GG vs. TT funnel plot; (C) GG vs. TT+TG funnel plot; (D) TG + GG vs. TT funnel plot; (E) TG vs. TT+GG funnel plot.

Discussion

MAPKs are a class of serine/threonine-like protein kinases and play important roles in eukaryotic cells to mediate extracellular signals to intracellular responses (29). All eukaryotic cells express MAPK pathway components, which are MAPK kinase kinase (MKKK), MAPK kinase (MKK) and MAPK (30). These 3 kinases can be activated in sequence and conduct extracellular signals through the tertiary kinase cascade to coregulate cellular physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival and apoptosis (31).

MKK4 is a member of the MAPK pathway, whose roles during tumorigenesis are complex (15). In cancer cell lines, MKK4 is a candidate tumor suppressor and is emphasized by its changes (5). Previous studies indicated that JNK and P38 had tumor suppressive effects and that MKK4 was a member of the MAPK family that activated JNK and P38 pathways at the same time (32). MKK4 gene changes, such as homozygous deletions and gene mutations, occur in most tumors. The expression levels of MKK4 were reported to be downregulated in liver cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (33-35). Functional mutations or reduced expression of MKK4 were detected in biliary carcinomas (36). Prostate and gastric cancers have high activation or overexpression of MKK4 (37,38).

Related studies suggested that −1304T>G in the MKK4 promoter region in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was associated with susceptibility to cancer and that the risk of disease decreased as the frequency of the −1304G allele increased (39). Functional −1304G variants in the MKK4 promoter in lung cancer reduced the risk of lung cancer by increasing promoter activity, and G variants were reported as markers of lung cancer susceptibility (34). Heterozygotes and mutants in prostate cancer and breast cancer also showed a low prevalence compared to wild-type (17,38). Our meta-analysis showed that the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to CRC.

It was noteworthy that sensitivity analysis found that research from Wei et al. (5) was the main source of heterogeneity in allele models. However, even so, we should be cautious about this result. First, Wei’s research had a large sample size and was high-quality research. Second, although the I2 was higher than 50% (I2=55%) in the allelic gene model, the heterogeneity was small in other genetic models.

The possibility of bias in our study was as follows. First, only English or Chinese-language studies were included in this meta-analysis, which might lead to potential publication bias, although publication bias was not significant in this study. Second, the exclusion of unpublished data was generally associated with an overestimation of the true effect. Third, a single population may not fully reflect the overall picture of other ethnicities. In addition, our study had other limitations. The sample number of the research objects included in the presented study was not large. Cancer risks can be regulated by factors, such as the interaction between genes and the environment and even the interaction between different polymorphic loci of the same gene. Further studies with larger samples that include different tumor types and ethnicities, are warranted, especially those studies involving interactions between genes or between genes and the environment should be given additional attention. Together, our analysis contributed to fully understanding the association of the MKK4 −1304T>G polymorphism with the risk of CRC.

Acknowledgements

Funding: This study was supported in part by grants from the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 81572967, 81372498, and 81800429), the Hubei Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2013CFA006), the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Science, Technology and Innovation Seed Fund (Grant Nos. znpy2016050, znpy2017001, and znpy2017049), the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Program of China (No. [2013]544), Wuhan City Huanghe Talents Plan and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2042018kf0065).

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cite this article as: Bai R, Yuan C, Zhou F, Ni L, Gong Y, Xie C. Evaluation of the association between the −1304T>G polymorphism in the promoter of the MKK4 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer: a PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med 2019;7(7):144. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.08

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