A new nomogram from the SEER database for predicting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients after surgery
Original Article

A new nomogram from the SEER database for predicting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients after surgery

Zunqiang Xiao1#, Zhan Shi1#, Linjun Hu2, Yuling Gao3, Junjun Zhao4, Yang Liu2, Qiuran Xu5, Dongsheng Huang5

1The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, China;2The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;3Department of Genetic Laboratory, Shaoxing Women and Children Hospital, Shaoxing 312030, China;4Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China;5The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China

Contributions: (I) Conception and design: Z Xiao, Z Shi; (II) Administrative support: Q Xu, D Huang; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: L Hu, Y Gao; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: J Zhao, Yang Liu; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Z Xiao, Z Shi; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

#These authors contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.

Correspondence to: Qiuran Xu, MD, PHD; Dongsheng Huang, MD, PhD. Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China. Email: windway626@sina.com; dshuang@zju.edu.cn.

Background: To study the prognostic significance in gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients of the four N stage methods of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS), lymph node ratio (LNR), and N stage in the 7th and 8th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), and to establish a prognostic model of GBC based on LODDS.

Methods: Data of 1,321 patients with GBC who underwent surgical resection of lymph nodes from 2010 to 2014 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We then randomly divided these data into a training set (n=925) and a validation set (n=396). C-index, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of LODDS, LNR, and N stage in the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC. Cox multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether LODDS was an independent prognostic factor, and a nomogram model was established. C-index was used to evaluate the accuracy of the nomogram. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the area under the AUC was calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the nomogram in predicting patients’ 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS).

Results: Univariate analysis showed that the four methods were all correlated with OS. Through C-index, AIC and AUC, We found that LODDS had the best accuracy of the four methods. C-index and AUC analysis revealed that the nomogram based on LODDS had excellent prognostic ability. All the results were verified in the validation set.

Conclusions: LODDS is an independent prognostic factor for GBC patients, and it is the best N stage in the SEER database. This new nomogram-containing LODDS system is a great model to predict the prognosis of GBC patients.

Keywords: Gallbladder cancer (GBC); prognostic model; nomogram; LODDS

Submitted Nov 04, 2019. Accepted for publication Nov 21, 2019.

doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.112

Introduction

Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor whose incidence ranks sixth in digestive system tumor (1). Compared with other malignant bile duct tumors, gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poorer prognosis, and it is difficult to diagnose it in the early stage (2,3). Currently, cholecystectomy is still the main treatment to improve the prognosis of GBC. One of the important factors affecting the curative effect of radical cholecystectomy for GBC is lymph node metastasis, as it is the main channel of metastasis for GBC with a rate in T3 and T4 patients of 60–80% (4-7). Consequently, intraoperative lymph node dissection and the precise preoperative staging of lymph node metastasis based on the results of intraoperative lymph node dissection is helpful for evaluating prognosis and providing individualized treatment.

In the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor TNM staging system (8), the N stage of gallbladder carcinoma is divided into N1 and N2 according to the location of lymph node metastasis, while the 8th edition of the cancer staging system is based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes (NMLN). However, there are still few high-level evidence-based medical data available to determine whether the 8th edition’s N staging is more instructive than other methods for prognosis. Furthermore, in view of the different resected lymph nodes (RLNS) and lymph nodes dissection areas, it is difficult to evaluate the prognosis of GBC patients only by NMLN. Some scholars believe that lymph node ratio (LNR) is more accurate than N staging in predicting the survival of patients with GBC after operation (9-12). The LNR methods include the log odds of metastatic lymph node (LODDS) and LNR. LODDS is defined as the ratio of the number of positive lymph nodes (PLNS) to the number of negative nodes, while LNR is defined as the ratio of PLNS to RLNS. Numerous studies on pancreatic cancer (13), oral cancer (14), and colorectal cancer (15) have shown that LNR and LODDS are good prognostic indicators, and they been accepted as predictors of prognosis. Nomograms can integrate multiple prediction indexes based on multivariate regression analysis, and then assign scores to each factor according to a regression coefficient to predict the probability of an event by adding up the scores. As a new, intuitive diagram which can predict patient prognosis directly, the nomogram has been used for evaluating the prognosis of cancer patients (16). In this study, univariate analysis was used to determine which of the four N stage methods (LODDS, LNR, and N stage in the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC) could be a potential prognostic factor. We then compared the accuracy of the four N stage methods and screened out the best N stage method, which was the LODDS system. Cox multivariate analysis was used to determine whether LODDS was an independent prognostic factor, and a nomogram containing LODDS was established. Finally, we evaluated the accuracy of this nomogram and verified it in a validation set.

Methods

We collected data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the American Cancer Institute (http://seer.cancer.gov/) on GBC patients who underwent lymphadenectomy from 2010 to 2014. The selection criteria were as follows: (I) all data contained ICD-O-3 histopathological classification, and all patients were diagnosed histopathologically; (II) all data had detailed TNM stage information, and pathological stage was classified by the 7th Edition [2010] TNM of the United States Joint Cancer Commission (AJCC). The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) unknown age; (II) unknown TMN stage; (III) unknown tumor type; (IV) unknown tumor size; (V) unknown grade stage; (VI) no lymph node resection or no lymph node information. After analyzing the TNM stage criteria of GBC in the 7th and 8th edition of AJCC, we found that in the 8th edition, only the staging criteria of N stage changed compared with the 7th edition. Thus, we could obtain the data of TNM stage in 8th edition for these patients by transforming the data of NMLN to N stage in the 8th edition. Finally, the data of 1,321 patients with GBC were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups (the training set and validation set) using R software Caret package. In this study, all histological types, except for adenomas and adenocarcinomas, were described as “other” (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Graphical abstract.

Statistical analysis

Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the prognosis and screen out some potential risk factors of GBC patients. Harrell C-index and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to analyze the accuracy of LODDS, LNR, N stage in 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC. Moreover, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the accuracy of LODDS, LNR, and N stage in the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC for overall survival (OS) of GBC patients 1 and 3 years after operation. Finally, Harrell C-index and AUC were used to analyze the accuracy of the nomogram. R software was used for all statistical analyses. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The LODDS system

The LODDS is defined as log [(the number of PLNs +0.05)/(the number of negative nodes +0.05)]. As the LODDS range in our research was (−2.903 to 2.417), the LODDS system was grouped into four classifications with an interval of 1.5: LODDS1 (LODDS ≤−1.5), LODDS2 (−1.5≤ LODDS <0), LODDS3 (0≤ LODDS <1.5) and LODDS4 (LODDS ≥1.5).

LNR

LNR is defined as (the ratio of PLNS/RLNS). The LNR was grouped into four classifications with an interval 0.25: LNR1 (0≤ LNR <0.25), LNR2 (0.25≤ LNR <0.5), LNR3 (0.5≤ LNR <0.75), LNR4 (0.75≤ LNR ≤1).

Results

Patients’ characteristics

A total of 925 patients were included in the training set, and 396 patients were included in the validation set. The clinical data of the two sets are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in age, sex, tumor size, grade, histology, T stage (8th AJCC), M stage (8th AJCC), N stage (7th AJCC and 8th AJCC), LODDS system, RLNS, LNR, and PLNRS between the training set and the verification set (P<0.05).

Table 1
Table 1 Demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gallbladder cancer between 2010 and 2014 in the SEER database
Full table

Independent prognostic factors of OS in the training set

Univariate analysis showed that age, T stage (8th AJCC), M stage (8th AJCC), N stage (7th AJCC and 8th AJCC), LODDS system, LNR, tumor size, grade, and histology were correlated with OS (P<0.05, Table 2, Figure 2). The predicted C-index, AIC, and AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1- and 3-year OS for LODDS to be 0.649, 5,183, 0.674, and 0.703, respectively. The predicted C-index, AIC, and AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1- and 3-year OS for N stage in the 7th edition of the AJCC to be 0.627, 5,190, 0.650, and 0.688, respectively. The predicted C-index, AIC, and AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1- and 3-year OS for N stage in 8th edition of the AJCC to be 0.627, 5,191, 0.650, and 0.687, respectively. The predicted C-index, AIC, and AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1- and 3-year OS for LNR to be 0.634, 5,190, 0.662, and 0.680, respectively (Table 3). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that age, T stage, M stage, LODDS system, tumor size, and grade were independent prognostic factors (P<0.05, Table 4).

Table 2
Table 2 Univariate analysis in the training set
Full table
Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier OS curve stratified by patient characteristics in the training set: (A) N 7th stage; (B) N 8th stage; (C) LODDS system; (D) LNR system; statistical analysis of each factor, P<0.01. OS, overall survival; LNR, lymph node ratio.
Table 3
Table 3 Prognostic efficiency of different lymph node staging systems
Full table
Table 4
Table 4 Multivariate analysis in the training set
Full table

Prognostic nomogram for OS

Independent risk factors, including age, tumor size, grade, T stage, M stage and LODDS system were selected to draw the OS prognostic nomogram (Figure 3). The calibration plot for the probability of survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery showed an optimal agreement between the prediction by nomogram and actual observation in the training set (Figure 4A,B,C) and in the validation set (Figure 4D,E,F). The predicted C-index of the nomogram in the training set was 0.752 (95% CI, 0.768 to 0.720), and the AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of the nomogram to be 0.804, 0.820, and 0.804, respectively (Figure 5A,B,C). The predicted C-index of the nomogram in the validation set was 0.752 (95% CI, 0.768 to 0.720), and the AUC values of the ROC predicted the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of the nomogram to be 0.799, 0.795, and 0.824, respectively (Figure 5D,E,F).

Figure 3 Gallbladder cancer after surgery survival nomogram.
Figure 4 The calibration curve for predicting patient survival: (A) at 1 year in the training set; (B) at 3 years in the training set; (C) at 5 years in the training set; (D) at 1 year in the validation set; (E) at 3 years in the validation set; (F) at 5 years in the validation set.
Figure 5 AUC value of ROC predicting: (A) 1-year survival rates of the nomogram in the training set; (B) 3-year survival rates of the nomogram in the training set; (C) 5-year survival rates of the nomogram in the training set; (D) 1-year survival rates of the nomogram in the validation set; (E) 3-year survival rates of the nomogram in the validation set; (F) 5-year survival rates of the nomogram in the validation set. AUC, area under the curve; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Discussion

Lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in patients with GBC after radical operation (17-19). Its effect on prognosis is more substantial than T stage in advanced gallbladder carcinoma patients with localized lesions (20). In view of its importance in the diagnosis and treatment of GBC, there are many stage criteria for lymph node metastasis (12,21). Although the 7th edition of the AJCC N stage is presently the most widely used stage criteria for lymph node metastasis, if we consider different forms of lymph node stations in the Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery (JSBS) stage system, the prognostic value of the affiliation of some lymph nodes still remains controversial (22). The recently published 8th edition of the AJCC Biliary Malignant Tumor Stage System has made the following modifications to the N stage formula: the original regional lymph node classification method has been abolished and, except for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, all nodes are classified according to the number of metastatic (positive) lymph nodes which includes 1–3 PLNS for N1, and more than 4 PLNS for N2. However, whether the 8th edition’s N staging has better clinical practicability and repeatability still needs more clinical verification.

Traditional N-stage is greatly influenced by the number of lymph nodes dissected. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the lymph node dissection of GBC. Lymph node dissection is recommended for GBC in several guidelines. The total number of lymph node dissections recommended by the AJCC 6th edition guideline is more than 3 (23). The total number of lymph node dissections recommended by AJCC’s 8 edition guideline is more than 6 (1,24). Wu (25) believes that adequate lymph node dissection should be performed, and at least 15 lymph nodes should be detected to ensure accurate prognosis assessment. However, in practical clinical work, it is difficult to ensure that all patients can have enough lymph node dissection due to the differences of individual patients, surgical methods, and the technical ability of the doctors. In our study, the average number of lymph node dissections was 4.028, which was lower than the recommended number of lymph node dissections in the AJCC 8th edition. Furthermore, 2 studies reported that the median of the total number of lymph nodes examined (TNLE) in GBC is 1 and 4 respectively (26,27). This would inevitably affect N stage evaluation, meaning the AJCC 8th edition still has disadvantages in clinical practice. This will inevitably affect the accurate judgement of the number of lymph node metastasis, and then affect the accuracy of N stage. This phenomenon is called "stage migration". For this reason, the academic eventually proposed that the assessments of lymph node metastasis should be based on NMLN, LNR, and LODDS. Different from the traditional N stage, which only focuses on the location of lymph node metastasis, these three methods have considered the NMLNs, while LNR and LODDS have also considered the number of negative lymph nodes dissected. LNR is the ratio of NMLN to RLNS. Although both NMLN and the extent of lymph node dissection are considered, there are still some limitations in LNR: (I) LNR lacks the ability to distinguish the patients with the same LNR but different RLNS, while LODDS owned. (II) As patients are affected by the extent of lymph node dissection, those with small PLNS might be divided into a higher LNR stage, which would cause statistical bias and lead to unsatisfactory C-index and AUC values based on LNR. This viewpoint has been verified in the studies by Murakami et al. (28), Lee et al. (29), and Sierzega et al. (30). However, the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods (N STAGE, PLNRS, LNR, and LODDS) are still uncertain. Amini et al. (26) analyzed 1,124 patients with GBC from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology and Results Database (SEER) database (26), and 214 patients with GBC from a multi-institutional database (27). The results showed that lymph node metastasis stage based on LODDS was the best. Lee et al. analyzed 398 patients with resected GBC, and the result suggested that the LODDS system was helpful in patients with RLN ≥6 (31).

In our study, univariate and multivariate analysis showed that LODDS was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of GBC patients. Comparing the C-index, AIC, and AUC of the four methods, we found that LODDS may be a more reliable prognostic factor. Thus, through the SEER database, we first built a nomogram based on the LODDS system, whose C-Index index and AUC in training set and verification set demonstrated an excellent ability of prognosis. Finally, we verified the accuracy of nomogram in the validation set.

Although LODDS is being gradually more recognized by clinicians and pathologists, there is still no uniform standard for LODDS stratified truncation value. Previous studies have adopted different stratification methods like median and quartile. Different stratification standards lead to different results, which may limit its further application in clinical work. Furthermore, a greater amount of clinical sampling is still needed to verify this nomogram.

In conclusion, LODDS is an independent prognostic factor for GBC patients with lymph node metastasis, and it is not affected by the number of lymph nodes sent for examination. It is hopeful that LODDS can provide more accurate guidance in postoperative treatment and prognosis.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank SEER for open access to the database.

Funding: This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81874049, 81602179), the National Science and Technology Major Project for New Drugs (No. 2017ZX09302003), the Co-construction of Provincial and Department Project (WKJ-ZJ-1919), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LY19H160036), and the Public Projects of Zhejiang Province (2018C37033).

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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Cite this article as: Xiao Z, Shi Z, Hu L, Gao Y, Zhao J, Liu Y, Xu Q, Huang D. A new nomogram from the SEER database for predicting the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients after surgery. Ann Transl Med 2019;7(23):738. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.112

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