Combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy in first line treatment of metastatic gastric cancer? Too much, too little or just right?

The benefit of immune check-point inhibitors (ICI) in patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) has been demonstrated in the ATTRACTION-2 study (1,2). In East Asian patients who failed two or more lines of systemic therapy, treatment with nivolumab monotherapy significantly improved overall survival (OS) compared to best supportive care. Tumour responses were very durable and treatment well tolerated. This benefit was independent of tumour PD-L1 score (TPS) leading to regulatory approval of nivolumab for unselected treatment-refractory GEA in several Asian countries. Pembrolizumab monotherapy in the single arm KEYNOTE-059 phase II study showed similar survival and response outcomes to ATTRACTION-2 (3). In contrast to ATTRACTION-2, KEYNOTE-059 comprised pre-dominantly non-Asian patients and pembrolizumab efficacy appeared dependent on the combined PD-L1 score (CPS) (3,4). This led to accelerated approval of pembrolizumab by the US FDA for patients with treatment-refractory GEA that were CPS ≥1. However, majority of GEA do not respond to single agent ICI and response rates are around 10–15% (1,3,5). This has contributed to the failure to demonstrate superiority of OS when compared to chemotherapy in the first (6), second (5,7) and third line setting (8) despite more durable responses observed with ICI. Furthermore, median progression-free survival (PFS) appeared shorter with ICI in these studies and the OS curves crossed with an excess early mortality with ICI but a higher proportion of survivors at later time-points (5,6). Given the limitations of ICI monotherapy in GEA, rationale combinations with chemotherapy to overcome these shortcomings have been tested which has been a successful strategy in other tumour types (9-14). In preclinical tumour models, chemotherapy can induce immunogenic cell death which may be potentiated by ICI (15-20). Furthermore, tumours or their subclones which do not respond to immunotherapy may be controlled by the cytotoxic combination partner. This approach was first demonstrated in the Phase II KEYNOTE-059 cohort 2 which showed promising responses and good tolerability when pembrolizumab was combined with cisplatin and capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil (21).

Exploring a different chemotherapy doublet with pembrolizumab in the study “Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab in combination with S-1 plus oxaliplatin as a first-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: Cohort 1 data from the KEYNOTE-659 phase IIb study”. Kawazoe et al. present the safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab in combination with S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) cohort in this non-randomised 2 arm study of Japanese patients with treatment naïve advanced GEA that were HER-2 negative and had tumour CPS ≥1. Patients received pembrolizumab at 200 mg in combination with standard dosing of S-1 40 mg/m² and Oxaliplatin 130 mg/m² (SOX) in a 3-weekly cycle. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) with other secondary efficacy measures which were descriptive and without a formal hypothesis testing. The regimen was well tolerated with treatment -related adverse events similar to that reported with recent trials with S-1 plus oxaliplatin (22-24) suggesting that pembrolizumab did not significantly increase SOX-related toxicity. The frequency of severe immune-related toxicity was also similar to that reported with pembrolizumab monotherapy. However, the relative dose intensity of oxaliplatin was only 59.8% which is lower than reported (22), this may be partly be explained by the higher dose of oxaliplatin used in this study. A high ORR of 72% was seen which exceeds that previously observed with SOX (22,24), these responses were also durable with a 6-month PFS of 67%. Due to the short median follow up, the median duration of response and OS was not reached. Interestingly, 57.4% of subjects had a tumour CPS ≥10 as compared to 27–39% reported in other studies (6,7). However, tumour biomarkers such as mismatch repair (MMR) status or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were not tested. Both of which are associated with higher CPS and response to pembrolizumab (25). Higher CPS has also been correlated with greater responsiveness to pembrolizumab monotherapy (25). Nonetheless, in the exploratory subgroup analysis by Kawazoe et al. the ORR of the chemo combination with pembrolizumab was not higher in patients with CPS ≥10 compared with CPS ≥1 but <10, replicating findings from the KEYNOTE-062 (KN-062) study (6). This suggests that the enrichment for higher PD-L1 CPS tumours alone may not explain the high ORR seen in this study and also higher CPS may not be predictive for ORR in ICI-chemotherapy combinations. Furthermore, similarly high ORR and durable responses have also been observed in the Phase II ATTRACTION-4 study which evaluated nivolumab in combination with oxaliplatin and capecitabine or S-1 (26).

Given the remarkable efficacy of ICI combined with chemotherapy as demonstrated in these Phase II studies, can we recommend this in the first line setting? The recent presented Phase III data of the KN-062, Checkmate 649 (CM-649) (27) and ATTRACTION-4 (ATT-4) (28) studies shed some light on this issue. In KN-062, the combination of pembrolizumab and cisplatin and capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) showed numerically higher median OS (CPS ≥1 HR 0.85; CPS ≥10 HR 0.8) compared with chemotherapy alone, but did not attain statistical significance (6). ORR also appeared higher with the ICI combination arm (CPS ≥1: 48.6%; CPS ≥10: 52.5%) compared with chemotherapy (CPS ≥1: 37.2%; CPS ≥10: 37.8%). In contrast, the interim analysis of CM-649 demonstrated that the combination of nivolumab with oxaliplatin and 5-FU or capecitabine significantly improved ORR, PFS and OS in patients CPS ≥5 GEA tumours. Whereas, in the ATT-4 study, the combination of nivolumab with oxaliplatin and capecitabine or TS-1 significantly improved ORR, PFS but not OS compared with chemotherapy alone. Various factors may contribute to these discordant results. Firstly, KN-062 recruited patients with CPS ≥1 GEA while ATT-4 did not select for PD-L1 expression but CM-649 was enriched for patients with CPS ≥5 GEA (60% of patients). Secondly, fewer patients in CM-649 went on to receive subsequent ICI. Thirdly, both KN-062 and CM-649 recruited both Western and Asian patients while ATT-4 was conducted in East Asian countries only. It has been observed that there are differences in the immunoprofile of Asian and non-Asian gastric cancers (29) but the data regarding relative benefit of ICI monotherapy in Asians compared with non-Asians is conflicting (5,6). ATT-4 also had the highest proportion of patients receiving subsequent lines of therapy which may have contributed to the lack of OS benefit despite a significant improvement in PFS. Finally, both CM-649 and ATT-4 used oxaliplatin while KN-062 employed cisplatin in the chemotherapy doublet. However, the importance of the choice of platinum is unclear as the KEYNOTE-590 (KN-590) study in esophageal cancers showed PFS and OS benefit for combining pembrolizumab, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil compared to chemotherapy alone in the adenocarcinoma subgroup particularly in tumours that were CPS ≥10 (30). Taken together the results of these four Phase III studies indicate that patients with advanced GEA with CPS ≥5 benefit from the combination of ICI with doublet chemotherapy in the first line setting. CPS appears to be an important selection biomarker for ICI monotherapy as well. In KEYNOTE-062 the median OS with pembrolizumab in patients with CPS ≥10 tumours appeared longer than the pembrolizumab and chemotherapy combination arm. However, the small sample size and lack of formal statistical testing does not allow conclusion that chemotherapy caused a negative interaction with pembrolizumab efficacy. In the same study, median OS was also non-inferior with pembrolizumab compared to chemotherapy in patients with CPS ≥1 tumours. Therefore, CPS may help select some patients in whom pembrolizumab alone in the first line setting may be appropriate, such as elderly patients who may not tolerate doublet chemotherapy. In addition, in the second line setting, subgroup analysis of the KEYNOTE-061 study also demonstrated a trend to better OS and increased and more durable responses with pembrolizumab compared with second line weekly paclitaxel in patients with CPS ≥5 and CPS ≥10 GEA (7).

However, the best predictive biomarker for ICI in GEA to date is MMR deficiency. The high and extremely durable responses with single agent pembrolizumab in multiple deficient MMR (dMMR) tumour types in treatment-refractory disease (31,32) led to its first tumour agnostic approval by the US FDA. In the KN-061, 062 and CM-649 studies, patients with dMMR tumours receiving ICI had greater ORR, PFS, OS and duration of response compared to the chemotherapy alone arm (5,33). Furthermore, the OS with pembrolizumab alone was similar to pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy in KEYNOTE-062 with less toxicity, suggesting that pembrolizumab monotherapy maybe the preferred choice for patients with dMMR advanced GEA in the first line setting. The recent positive results of the KEYNOTE-177 study in dMMR colorectal cancer (34) lends further support to advance ICI from treatment-refractory disease to the front-line setting of dMMR tumours. Though majority of dMMR tumours have a high tumour mutational burden (TMB), non-dMMR GEA with high TMB also demonstrate high ORR to ICI (35) and pembrolizumab has been approved by the US FDA for high TMB treatment-refractory tumours. EBV-positive GEA are also thought to be highly immunogenic and high response rates to ICI have been observed in small studies (25,36), but currently there is inadequate data to support its use as a selection biomarker in first line therapy. One promising new therapeutic approach has been the combination of ICI with HER2-targeted antibodies (37,38) leveraging on synergy between antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and ICI (37,38). High ORR of 87% were observed with the combination of trastuzumab, pembrolizumab and capecitabine and oxaliplatin in first line treatment of HER2-positive GEA in a Phase II study (38). This multi-modality treatment is currently being evaluated in the first line Phase III KEYNOTE-811 and Phase II/III MAHOGANY studies.

Subject to regulatory approval, the combination of nivolumab and oxaliplatin based doublet chemotherapy may become a new standard for advanced GEA with CPS ≥5 while the combination of pembrolizumab in combination with cisplatin-based doublet chemotherapy may become a new standard for esophageal adenocarcinomas with CPS ≥10 in the first line setting. Whereas, for other GEA, the use of ICI is as monotherapy in the treatment-refractory setting. However, in patients with dMMR or high CPS tumours, treatment with ICI monotherapy may be a reasonable option in earlier settings. For HER-2 positive GEA, the ongoing KEYNOTE-811 and MAHOGANY trials will determine if ICI also adds benefit when combined with HER-2 targeted therapy and chemotherapy.

Acknowledgments

Funding: None.

Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Annals of Translational Medicine. The article did not undergo external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: Both authors has completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-4699). SPC reports personal fees from Eisai, Roche, BMS, Bayer, outside the submitted work. MCHN reports personal fees and other from Bristol Myers Squibbs, from null, outside the submitted work. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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