Lipophilic bisphosphonates plus rapamycin: a deadly combination for KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer has remained the No. 1 cause of cancer mortality in the world, responsible for more than a million deaths annually. Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the three major subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer. About half of the lung adenocarcinomas harbor driver mutations that may serve as therapeutic targets. For instance, most of the lung adenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations can be treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib. The ALK inhibitor crizotinib has also been proven to improve the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of lung adenocarcinoma patients with ALK rearrangements.