Establishing a predictive model of hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection for postoperative calcium supplementation selectively
Introduction
In recent years, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer has increased dramatically, and has become the most common endocrine malignancy (1,2). This phenomenon is mainly determined by the incidence rate of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (3). PTC is the most common pathological type of thyroid carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of all thyroid carcinomas (4). At present, PTC is treated with open surgery, remote access thyroidectomy, percutaneous ablation, and regular review (5), with open surgery being the predominant treatment. Surgical methods include total thyroidectomy (TT)/subtotal thyroidectomy (ST) and central lymph node dissection (CLND) (6). However, complications such as breathing difficulties or suffocation caused by major hemorrhage after surgery, superior laryngeal nerve or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism are more likely after thyroidectomy (7).
Hypocalcemia is a common complication after thyroid surgery, with an incidence rate of 1.2–40% (8). The main cause of hypocalcemia is postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and patients with PTC who have undergone TT + central lymph node dissection are at greater risk of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia after surgery (9). According to the duration of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid carcinoma surgery, the normal return of parathyroid function within 6 months after surgery is generally defined as temporary hypoparathyroidism. Meanwhile, a failure to return to normal levels of parathyroid function that lasts for more than 6 months is defined as permanent hypoparathyroidism, although there is a study that apply 12 months as the time cut-off point for the diagnosis of permanent hypoparathyroidism (10). The incidence of temporary hypoparathyroidism is 1.6–53.6% (11), while that of permanent hypoparathyroidism is as high as approximately 3% (12), and its clinical manifestations are mainly numbness and convulsions, decreasing the quality of life in patients and, in some cases, leading to death (13,14).
Since the treatment of postoperative hypocalcemia is personalized and relatively difficult, the prevention of postoperative hypocalcemia is more significant (15). A previous study has shown that prophylactic calcium supplementation after surgery can reduce the risk of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia, thus reducing the incidence of postoperative complications related to thyroid carcinoma (16). However, some scholars object to this because most patients have no parathyroid function damage after surgery. For these patients, routine prophylactic calcium supplementation after surgery will result in a waste of medical resources and increase the incidence of hypercalcemia in patients. Also, the incidence of calciuria, kidney stones, nephroncalcinosis, and renal failure may inhibit the compensatory function of the parathyroid glands (17). There are relatively few reports regarding the decreased incidence of hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism through prophylactic calcium supplementation, and it is still controversial whether to routinely perform prophylactic calcium supplementation for patients with thyroid carcinoma after surgery. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the risk factors of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid carcinoma surgery.
In this article, we collected the clinicopathological data of 401 patients with thyroid cancer from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and then analyzed them retrospectively. We summarized the independent risk factors for postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and constructed a related risk scoring model. Based on this predictive model, we can evaluate high-risk groups of patients with PTC who may have postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Routine prophylactic calcium supplementation can then be given to these patients after surgery to achieve precise treatment effects and improve their quality of life. We present the following article in accordance with the STARD reporting checklist (available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-22-1779/rc).
Methods
Patients
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (No. 2022-LW196), and all patients were exempted from providing informed consent. We collected patients who first underwent total thyroidectomy at the General Surgery Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January 2020 to August 2021 and were pathologically confirmed with PTC. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) patients who were pathologically diagnosed with benign thyroid disease; (II) those with preoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum calcium concentrations below the lower limit of normal; (III) patients who had previously received thyroid surgery or insufficient resection of the bilateral lobes; (IV) patients who did not undergo iPTH and serum calcium concentration testing on the first postoperative day; (V) those with secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid tumors or chronic renal insufficiency; and (VI) patients with incomplete data. In this study, a total of 401 eligible patients with PTC were collected for analysis.
Surgical procedures and postoperative management
All enrolled patients underwent conventional bilateral TT + bilateral central area lymph node dissection. During the operation, the carbon nanoparticles suspension was injected into the fully exposed bilateral thyroid glands to facilitate identification of the parathyroid glands by the surgeon. For suspicious parathyroid tissue, if insufficient blood supply or dissociation was found intraoperatively, autologous parathyroid transplantation was performed. All patients underwent iPTH, serum calcium concentration, and serum phosphorus concentration testing on the first morning postoperatively. Patients with lower iPTH than normal or with symptoms of hypocalcemia were given an intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate using a micropump. The iPTH and serum calcium concentrations were used to adjust the calcium supplementation for patients with hypoparathyroidism after surgery. IPTH and serum calcium concentrations were reviewed in the first postoperative month, and follow-up treatment should be guided according to the changes in their levels.
Clinicopathological properties
We collected the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients based on medical records and supplementary examination, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, lateral lymph node dissection, tumor number, extrathyroidal extension, Hashimoto’s disease, and pre/postoperative serum calcium and iPTH concentrations. After the operation, two experienced pathologists cross examined the pathological specimens of the patients. There is more than one lesion in the thyroid tissue, which is the evaluation standard of multifocality. The normal range of serum iPTH is 12–88 pg/mL, and hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed when iPTH (intact parathyroid hormone) was less than 12 pg/mL. The patients were compared according to the pre/postoperative serum calcium concentrations of the two groups based on the iPTH after thyroid carcinoma surgery. Extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is defined as the tumor invading sternothyroedeus muscle and surrounding soft tissue, or invading surrounding organs, blood vessels, nerves and other tissues. Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis were required to meet any of the following criteria: (I) Serum anti-hyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) and/or thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were positive; (II) Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or postoperative pathological specimens if thyroid suggest Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Research design
According to the postoperative parathyroid function, patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma who met the inclusion conditions were divided into normal parathyroid function group and hypoparathyroidism group. In addition, we analyzed whether there were differences in preoperative/postoperative serum calcium concentration between the two groups. The clinicopathological data of patients were collected, and the univariate and multivariate analysis of postoperative hypoparathyroidism was carried out for each variable. Then, a risk scoring model was constructed to calculate the probability of postoperative hypoparathyroidism on the basis of the multivariate analysis results. We selected the independent risk factors for postoperative hypoparathyroidism as scoring indicators, and the scores of each risk factor were weighted according to the beta coefficient obtained by the logistic regression model. In order to optimize the risk score model, we have expressed the coefficients of independent risk factors are the nearest integer. Adding the coefficients of the risk factors of patients with PTC equals their total score. In this study, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to test the effect of this model on predicting the occurrence of postoperative hypoparathyroidsim, and a great cut-off point was found.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Clinicopathological data of patients was analyzed by the Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test. In this article, P<0.05 is two-sided and means that the difference is statistically significant.
Results
Comparison of the serum calcium concentrations between the normal and reduced iPTH groups after thyroid carcinoma surgery
There were significant differences in the blood calcium concentrations after thyroid carcinoma surgery between the two groups (Table 1). The serum calcium concentration of the postoperative reduced iPTH group was significantly lower than that of the normal iPTH group postoperatively (P<0.05).
Table 1
| Groups | Preoperative serum calcium concentration (mmol/L) | Postoperative serum calcium concentration (mmol/L) | T value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal postoperative PTH group | 2.28±0.09 | 2.18±0.10 | 0.62 | 0.53 |
| Reduced postoperative PTH group | 2.32±0.93 | 2.02±0.12 | 14.49 | <0.05 |
PTH, parathyroid hormone.
The basic clinicopathological data of the patients was used to create the risk scoring model
This study summarized the baseline clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PTC to establish a postoperative hypoparathyroidism risk scoring model (Table 2). Among the 401 patients with PTC, 84 were males and 317 were females, with an average age of 47 years (range, 18–79 years), of which 250 cases (62.3%) were ≥45 years old. The BMI of the included patients ranged from 17.72–42.45 kg/m2, with an average value of 24.25 kg/m2, of which 210 cases (52.4%) were BMI <24 kg/m2. There were 94 cases of hypertension, 39 cases of diabetes, and 180 cases of lateral lymph node dissection. Furthermore, there were 198 patients with multifocality, and 71 patients (17.7 %) had extrathyroidal extension. Among the included patients, there were 97 patients (24.2%) with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. All patients with PTC underwent conventional bilateral TT + bilateral central lymph node dissection. In total, 201 cases (50.1%) had postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
Table 2
| Clinicopathological properties | Total, n | Hypoparathyroidism, n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||
| Subject | 401 | 201 (50.1) | 200 (49.9) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 84 | 44 (52.4) | 40 (47.6) |
| Female | 317 | 157 (49.5) | 160 (50.5) |
| Age (years) | |||
| ≥45 | 250 | 123 (49.2) | 127 (50.8) |
| <45 | 151 | 78 (51.7) | 73 (48.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| ≥24 | 191 | 18 (9.4) | 173 (90.6) |
| <24 | 210 | 183 (95.8) | 27 (4.2) |
| Hypertension | |||
| Presence | 94 | 51 (54.3) | 43 (45.7) |
| Absence | 307 | 150 (48.9) | 157 (51.1) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Presence | 39 | 24 (61.5) | 15 (38.5) |
| Absence | 362 | 177 (48.9) | 185 (51.1) |
| LLND | |||
| Presence | 180 | 158 (87.8) | 22 (12.2) |
| Absence | 221 | 43 (19.5) | 178 (80.5) |
| Multifocality | |||
| Presence | 198 | 154 (77.8) | 44 (22.2) |
| Absence | 203 | 47 (23.2) | 156 (76.8) |
| Extrathyroidal extension | |||
| Presence | 71 | 48 (67.6) | 23 (32.4) |
| Absence | 330 | 163 (49.4) | 177 (50.6) |
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | |||
| Presence | 97 | 48 (49.5) | 49 (50.5) |
| Absence | 304 | 153 (50.3) | 151 (49.7) |
PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; PTH, parathyroid hormone; BMI, body mass index; LLND, lateral lymph node dissection.
Correlation between clinicopathological factors and postoperative hypoparathyroidism
We then analyzed the risk factors of postoperative hypoparathyroidism among the 401 patients with PTC who underwent conventional bilateral TT + bilateral central lymph node dissection. The univariate analysis showed (Table 3) that BMI <24 kg/m2, lateral lymph node dissection, multifocality, and extrathyroidal extension were significantly correlated with postoperative hypoparathyroidism (P<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation with age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Subsequently, multivariate analysis (Table 4) showed that BMI <24 kg/m2 [odds ratio (OR): 126.531, 95% confidence interval (CI): 40.041–399.844, P<0.001], lateral lymph node dissection (OR: 24.511, 95% CI: 9.439–63.651, P<0.001), multifocality (OR: 19.300, 95% CI: 6.774–54.990, P<0.001), and extrathyroidal extension (OR: 3.655, 95% CI: 1.091–12.237, P=0.036) are independent risk factors for postoperative hypoparathyroidism (P<0.05).
Table 3
| Factors | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1.121 | 0.693 | 1.814 | 0.713 |
| Female | 1 | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <45 | 1.103 | 0.736 | 1.653 | 0.68 |
| ≥45 | 1 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24 | 65.142 | 34.639 | 122.504 | <0.001 |
| ≥24 | 1 | |||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Presence | 1.241 | 0.781 | 1.973 | 0.41 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Presence | 1.672 | 0.85 | 3.292 | 0.177 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| LLND | ||||
| Presence | 29.729 | 17.039 | 51.872 | <0.001 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Multifocality | ||||
| Presence | 11.678 | 7.278 | 18.542 | <0.001 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Extrathyroidal extension | ||||
| Presence | 2.414 | 1.404 | 4.152 | 0.02 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | ||||
| Presence | 1 | |||
| Absence | 1.034 | 0.655 | 1.634 | 0.908 |
BMI, body mass index; LLND, lateral lymph node dissection; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Table 4
| Factors | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <24 | 126.531 | 40.041 | 399.844 | <0.001 |
| ≥24 | 1 | |||
| LLND | ||||
| Presence | 24.511 | 9.439 | 63.651 | <0.001 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Multifocality | ||||
| Presence | 19.300 | 6.774 | 54.990 | <0.001 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
| Extrathyroidal extension | ||||
| Presence | 3.655 | 1.091 | 12.237 | 0.036 |
| Absence | 1 | |||
BMI, body mass index; LLND, lateral lymph node dissection; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Establishment of a risk scoring model for predicting postoperative hypoparathyroidism
We constructed a nine-point risk scoring model based on the beta coefficients of the above four risk factors (BMI <24 kg/m2, lateral lymph node dissection, multifocality, and extrathyroidal extension) from the logistic multivariate analysis of postoperative hypoparathyroidism in patients with PTC (Table 5). According to the scoring model, the probability of postoperative hypoparathyroidism in patients with PTC ranged from 0.0% to 100% (Table 6).
Table 5
| Variables | P value | Beta coefficient | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| <24 | <0.001 | 4.840 | 4 |
| ≥24 | |||
| LLND | |||
| Presence | <0.001 | 3.199 | 2 |
| Absence | |||
| Multifocality | |||
| Presence | <0.001 | 2.960 | 2 |
| Absence | |||
| Extrathyroidal extension | |||
| Presence | 0.036 | 1.296 | 1 |
| Absence | |||
BMI, body mass index; LLND, lateral lymph node dissection.
Table 6
| Risk score | Hypoparathyroidism (+) | Hypoparathyroidism (−) | Total | Positive rate, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 104 | 105 | 0.95 |
| 1 | 0 | 15 | 15 | 0.00 |
| 2 | 3 | 42 | 45 | 6.67 |
| 3 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0.00 |
| 4 | 17 | 25 | 42 | 40.48 |
| 5 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 88.89 |
| 6 | 51 | 5 | 56 | 91.07 |
| 7 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 100.00 |
| 8 | 81 | 1 | 82 | 98.78 |
| 9 | 28 | 0 | 28 | 100.00 |
“+”, positive; “−”, negative. PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma.
The ROC curve of the risk assessment model for postoperative hypoparathyroidism in patients with PTC was drawn, and the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting postoperative hypoparathyroidism was 0.977 (95% CI: 0.963–0.990, P<0.001), indicating that the model has an excellent forecasting effect (Figure 1). In addition, a total score =5 was selected as the appropriate cut-off point for the model, and patients with a total score between 0 and 4 were classified as having a low risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (average incidence: 16.82%). However, patients with a score between 5 and 9 were classified as having a high risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (average incidence: 96.26%).
Discussion
At present, ST can be performed for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. However, TT should be favored for intermediate/high-risk PTCs, despite the higher frequency of postoperative complications (18). After surgical treatment, patients with PTC are prone to hypoparathyroidism, especially after TT. The factors related to postoperative hypoparathyroidism and the mechanism of early postoperative hypoparathyroidism to recovery or permanent hypoparathyroidism are still not fully understood (19). The sensitivity of serum iPTH <12 pg/mL to monitor hypoparathyroidism is 100%, and the specificity is 92% (20). In this study, patients with iPTH <12 pg/mL after thyroid carcinoma surgery were used as the diagnostic criteria. There were 201 cases of postoperative hypoparathyroidism, with an incidence rate of 50.1%. Reports on the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid carcinoma surgery are inconsistent, ranging from 1.7% to 68%, since the positions of the superior parathyroid glands are generally fixed, and are easy to identify and preserve. Meanwhile, the positions of the lower parathyroid glands are variable, such as the dorsal side of the lower pole of the thyroid gland, the thymus or thymic ligament, and the tracheoesophageal space, which are difficult to locate and preserve (21). Bilateral central lymph node dissection will significantly increase the incidence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Therefore, the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid carcinoma surgery in this study was higher than that generally reported.
For patients undergoing TT for PTC, whether to perform routine prophylactic calcium supplementation after surgery is still controversial. Many experienced surgeons support routine prophylactic calcium supplementation after TT (22,23). They believe that it can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications (hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia) to a certain extent. However, some experts believe that it is not necessary to perform prophylactic routine calcium supplementation after TT. Lee et al. showed that routine low-dose calcium supplementation after TT does not reduce the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia (24). At present, selective calcium supplementation based on postoperative parathyroid function is a commonly accepted treatment in the medical field (25,26).
In this study, based on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients undergoing TT for PTC in our hospital, a risk scoring model for predicting postoperative hypoparathyroidism was established to better guide surgeons in selectively treat patients with calcium supplementation. However, the samples of this retrospective study came from a single clinical center and the sample size was small. Therefore, it is necessary to further expand the sample size to identify more related risks of hypoparathyroidism after TT and central lymph node dissection in patients with PTC.
In summary, BMI <24 kg/m2, lateral lymph node dissection, multifocality, and extrathyroidal extension may increase the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after TT and central lymph node dissection for PTC. Based on these four independent risk factors, we established a nine-point risk scoring model to better guide postoperative prophylactic calcium supplementation. Surgeons should pay attention to evaluating the clinicopathological characteristics of patients before surgery. For patients with PTC with a score of ≥5, routine prophylactic calcium supplementation is recommended even if no hypoparathyroidism is found after surgery. However, prophylactic calcium supplementation is not recommended for patients with PTC with a score of less than 5; if the patient develops hypocalcemia at the later stage, therapeutic calcium supplementation can then be implemented to improve their prognosis.
Acknowledgments
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the Research Project of Maternal and Child Health of Jiangsu Province (No. F201953), and the Science and Technology Project of Nantong (No. JC2020067 to Z He).
Footnote
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STARD reporting checklist. Available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-22-1779/rc
Data Sharing Statement: Available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-22-1779/dss
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-22-1779/coif). ZH reports that the study was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Nantong (No. JC2020067). The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (No. 2022-LW196), and all patients were exempted from providing informed consent.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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(English Language Editor: A. Kassem)
