In this special issue of Annals of Translational Medicine, experienced physicians and academic researchers contribute their original works in the field of neurological diseases. The burden of neurological diseases is one of the leading causes of disability and death globally and continues to increase. Luckily, the knowledges of this field continue to update with advances in technology at the meantime. Neurology is becoming a rapidly developing field and we need to rethink and redefine some traditional concepts in this new environment.